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From:<br>
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<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.com/">http://www.worldvaluessurvey.com/</a><br>
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<h1>Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World</h1>
<p class="byline" style="width: 450px;"> Written by Ronald Inglehart </p>
<p class="preamble" style="width: 450px;">This
map reflects the fact that a large number of basic values are closely
correlated; they can be depicted in just two major dimensions of
cross-cultural variation.</p>
<div style="width: 450px;">
<p style="width: 450px;"><img
src="cid:part1.09000008.01090904@tekelec.com" alt=""
title="The Inglehart Values Map" height="454" width="450"><br>
Source:
Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change
and Democracy. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005: p. 64 based
on the World Values Surveys, see <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org">www.worldvaluessurvey.org</a>.<br>
<br>
The
World Values Surveys were designed to provide a comprehensive
measurement of all major areas of human concern, from religion to
politics to economic and social life and two dimensions dominate the
picture: (1) Traditional/ Secular-rational and (2)
Survival/Self-expression values. These two dimensions explain more than
70 percent of the cross-national variance in a factor analysis of ten
indicators-and each of these dimensions is strongly correlated with
scores of other important orientations.<br>
<br>
The
Traditional/Secular-rational values dimension reflects the contrast
between societies in which religion is very important and those in
which it is not. A wide range of other orientations are closely linked
with this dimension. Societies near the traditional pole emphasize the
importance of parent-child ties and deference to authority, along with
absolute standards and traditional family values, and reject divorce,
abortion, euthanasia, and suicide. These societies have high levels of
national pride, and a nationalistic outlook. Societies with
secular-rational values have the opposite preferences on all of these
topics.<br>
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The second major dimension of cross-cultural variation
is linked with the transition from industrial society to
post-industrial societies-which brings a polarization between Survival
and Self-expression values. The unprecedented wealth that has
accumulated in advanced societies during the past generation means that
an increasing share of the population has grown up taking survival for
granted. Thus, priorities have shifted from an overwhelming emphasis on
economic and physical security toward an increasing emphasis on
subjective well-being, self-expression and quality of life. Inglehart
and Baker (2000) find evidence that orientations have shifted from
Traditional toward Secular-rational values, in almost all industrial
societies. But modernization, is not linear-when a society has
completed industrialization and starts becoming a knowledge society, it
moves in a new direction, from Survival values toward increasing
emphasis on Self-expression values.<br>
<br>
A central component of this
emerging dimension involves the polarization between Materialist and
Postmaterialist values, reflecting a cultural shift that is emerging
among generations who have grown up taking survival for granted.
Self-expression values give high priority to environmental protection,
tolerance of diversity and rising demands for participation in decision
making in economic and political life. These values also reflect mass
polarization over tolerance of outgroups, including foreigners, gays
and lesbians and gender equality. The shift from survival values to
self-expression values also includes a shift in child-rearing values,
from emphasis on hard work toward emphasis on imagination and tolerance
as important values to teach a child. And it goes with a rising sense
of subjective well-being that is conducive to an atmosphere of
tolerance, trust and political moderation. Finally, societies that rank
high on self-expression values also tend to rank high on interpersonal
trust.<br>
<br>
This produces a culture of trust and tolerance, in which
people place a relatively high value on individual freedom and
self-expression, and have activist political orientations. These are
precisely the attributes that the political culture literature defines
as crucial to democracy.<br>
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